Martin Luther King I Have a Dream Essay

1) Rock solid, unshakeable confidence You can see from Martin Luther King’s body language that he was calm and grounded as he delivered his speech. Although you can’t see his feet as he’s speaking, I’d imagine him to be heavily planted to the ground, with a solid posture that says â€Å"Here I am. I’m not budging. Now, you come to me.† As a speaker, Martin Luther King had the solidity that is surely only found with those who have completely aligned their actions with their firm commitment. The 200,000 people at the Washington rally could not have pushed King off-track if they’d tried, so solid was he in his convictions. Self-belief from a beyond-personal source gives this sort of power – and you can see the impact. Martin luther king with this faith 2) The Voice It would always take a commanding voice to inspire thousands and Martin Luther King’s booming voice was well practiced in his capacity as a Baptist preacher. His cadence, his pacing and his preacher-like drama bring real passion to the speech. Martin Luther King used powerful, evocative language to draw emotional connection to his audience, such as: â€Å"Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.† â€Å"This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.† â€Å"We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities† Martin luther king let freedom ring 3) Rhythm & Repetition The intensity of King’s speech is built through bold statements and rhythmic repetition. Each repetition builds on the one before and is reinforced by Martin Luther King’s ever increasing passion. â€Å"We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.† â€Å"Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.† As the speech comes to a close the pace of Martin Luther King’s repetition increases, helping to build to a crescendo. 4) Ditching the Script If that wasn’t dramatic enough, Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech was never meant to even include its most famous sequence and climax. Originally penned under several names, such as the catchy â€Å"normalcy speech† and â€Å"A Cancelled check†, King put aside his script ten minutes into the speech. Few would dare risk it at such a moment, but King was said to have responded to the cry of Gospel singer Mahalia Jackson â€Å"Tell ‘em about the dream, Martin!† and ad-libbed what came next. This is what gave â€Å"I have a dream† its raw power and edge – King was living the words that he spoke. 5) With, not ‘at’ his people It’s thought that King ditched the script so that he could connect more with his audience. And it worked. â€Å"I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations,† he begins. King goes on to talk to his audience and their personal situations directly, â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.† King is with the people, fully connecting to them with his eyes and delivering a powerful rhythm in his speaking. Martin Luther King’s script writer, Clarence B Jones reflected, â€Å"It was like he had an out-of-body experience.† So often it is the speaker who is flexible and vulnerable enough to connect with their audience who has the most powerful impact.

Arthur Andersen

ARTHUR ANDERSEN LLP CASE STUDY DUE: Sunday, May 12, 11:59pm 1. Discuss the environment, strategic, and organizational changes that occurred over the life of Andersen in the context of figure 11. 1. 2. Evaluate Andersen’s claim that their problems on the Enron audit were due to a few â€Å"bad partners† in the organization. If you disagree with this claim, discuss what you think were the root causes of the problem. 3. Suppose you were Andersen’s managing partner in the early 1990s.Would you have done anything differently than the actual management (assuming you knew only what they did at time)? 4. Discuss the relationship between what happened at Andersen and multitask principles agent theory. 5. Discuss the relation between the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† elements of a firm’s corporate culture in the context of this case. 6. Do you think that the problems at Andersen were unique to them or did they exist at the other big accounting firms?Supp ose you were top partner at one of the major accounting firms at that time of Andersen’s demise. What actions, if any, would you take in response? Explain. 7. In 2000, the SEC proposed new regulations that would limit consulting work by accounting firms. This proposal was not passed by Congress. Do you think that the legislators were trying to act in the public interest when they failed to pass this proposal? Explain. 8.The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants is the primary professional association for certified public accountants. It has developed a Code of professional conduct that sets standards of conduct for CPAs. People can file complaints about ethical conduct of a CPA with the AICPA, which can levy sanction and other penalties against its members. Do you think the unethical conduct at Andersen (and possibly other accounting firms) was the fault of the AICA for not setting and enforcing higher ethical standards among its members?Explain. 9. The Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 established a new five –person board to oversee financial accounting in publicly traded corporations. The board is appointed by the Securities and Exchanges Commission. Prior to the creation of this board the industry relied primarily on self-regulation through the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Do you think the establishment of the new oversight board was a good idea or should the profession have continued to be self-regulated?

Example Report

BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated. Example Report BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated.

Engineering Ethics Beyond Engineers' Ethics Essay

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Human nature is not cruel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Strategy briefing paper regarding the strategic issue - Essay Example So the handsets manufactured must have facilities that support internet surfing (Grant, 2010, p. 72). The major players in the handset business are Samsung and Apple which have captured a huge amount of market. The brands have considerable acceptability throughout the world. Not only that these brands are constantly in the process of providing the customers with the most updated products making the handset experience as pleasant as possible. There are several booming economies like China, Latin America and India which these companies have targeted and for this these brands had to take very intense pricing strategies. These companies have a very wide acceptability in these economies. The introduction of the 3G in the mobile network has resulted in making the telecommunications faster (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p. 23). Apple and Samsung have remained the market leader in the 3G technology. Nokia has lagged behind in this segment. The design innovation in case of Samsung and Apple are much better .Hence these handsets have better acceptability among the customers. The ope rating system that Nokia initially used has very low acceptability and therefore most of the buyers have switched to the Android Model. Thus it is essential for Nokia to upgrade itself to the Windows operating system to get the acceptability in the market. After the acquisition of the company by the software giant Microsoft the company can explore a lot of opportunities in which Nokia should be following the strategies taken by Apple (Wingfield, 2013, p. 12). Nokia would be able to use the advanced operating system of Microsoft. The company can use the technological research and developments made by Microsoft to enhance the features of the Nokia handset. The software giant Microsoft would be able to market the products of Nokia in a better way. This is because Microsoft has a very wide network and the distribution channels and

Critical appraisal of the research reports Essay

Critical appraisal of the research reports - Essay Example In the quantitative research, plenty of information was already available and features were classified, counted and statistical models constructed for the study. The qualitative research was subjective and usually related in the participant’s own words and the researcher was not aware of the information he was looking for. The researcher was well aware of what he was searching for in quantitative research and the study was well-designed before data was collected. Qualitative researches were recommended when new subjects were dealt with in research projects. When some amount of information became available in the later phases, quantitative research was done to quantify measures. The researcher was responsible for collection of data in qualitative research while tools were used in quantitative research. Subjective interpretation was made in qualitative research while more objective interpretation was made in quantitative research. The data in qualitative research was richer and had details while the data in quantitative research consisted of numbers and statistics. Nursing research could also be a mixture of both: two parts of a research could be found with a different type of research in each part. This paper has been written to critically analyze a qualitative and a quantitative research, both relating to urinary incontinence in women. Borello-France et al (2008) used a quantitative research to compare the results of post-intervention of pelvic muscle exercises in the follow-up period of an intervention study of the influence of exercises on urinary incontinence. Zeznock and Gilje (2009) conducted a qualitative phenomenological study to understand the lived experiences of Alaskan women who had urinary incontinence, when this topic had not been studied by other researchers. The differences have been noted through the paper. Borello-France, D. F., Downey, P. A., Zyczynski, H. M., & Rause, C. R. (2008). Continence and quality-of-life outcomes 6 months follo wing an intensive pelvic-floor muscle exercise program for female stress urinary incontinence: A randomized trial comparing low- and high-frequency maintenance exercise. Physical Therapy, 88(12), 1545-1553. The report had not been from a peer –reviewed publication; however the research had been current. This descriptive post-intervention study had been written well and had been grammatically correct and in good language. The paper had been laid out in an organized manner. All the researchers had been experts in their own field. There had been a surgeon who had been actually performing pelvic reconstruction surgery, a nurse practitioner who had been caring for the concerned patients and two physical therapy experts who had been Professor and Associate Professor in Physical Therapy in two different Universities. The latter two had PhDs possibly contributing to the high level of the research and paper. The title was precise, clear and unambiguous even though the number of words used made it a long one. A clear overview of the study could be obtained. The report had been logically constructed and there was a steady flow of information with clear linkage. The abstract provided a succinct overview of the research. The purpose of the research study or objectives, the method of study, size of sample, measurements to be made, results, discussion and conclusions were found in the abstract. The purpose of t

19th christianity accomdodationist vs. protectionist Biblical critics Essay

19th christianity accomdodationist vs. protectionist Biblical critics - Essay Example Van Gogh and Monet painted vivid paintings, Beethoven and Chopin composed wonderful pieces, and Dickens and Dickenson wrote beautiful passages. The continuing developments in the understanding of the natural law of the world raised questions about Christianity. Historical consciousness in addition to nineteenth century advancements created a field of Biblical Critics and Protectionists, as more people looked at the occurrences in the Bible. ‘Accommodationist’ held the position that Christianity must change in a way that reflects advances in science, philosophy, and biblical scholarship. ‘Protectionist’ held that Christianity had no obligation to change, and Christianity must be protected from the challenges that scholarship presents. Both sides had many scholars. This paper looks at the accommodation view held by Strauss versus the protection view held by A.A. Hodge and B.B. Warfield. Strauss believed the essence of Christianity was true, but critically disagreed with many important tenets of the faith. â€Å"To all, belief, not built on demonstration, doubt is inherent, though it may not be developed†¦.just as the believer is intrinsically a skeptic or critic, so on the other hand, the critic is intrinsically a believer† (Strauss, 157). Strauss stated the Bible came into its being through mythical means. He believed that Jesus unified God and humanity. However, Jesus did not perform miracles. Instead, the stories of Jesus’ miracles were added to the Bible through orally transmitted stories that by the time the disciples wrote the New Testament were showing that Jesus had disobeyed natural laws. â€Å"The mythical view once admitted, innumerable, and the never otherwise to be harmonized, discrepancies and chronological contradictions in the Gospel histories disappear, as it were at one stroke† (Strauss, 56). Strauss claimed that mysticis m appeared throughout the Bible. Strauss claimed mysticism created Jesus’

The Madding Crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding Crowd Essay The second letter is written by Fanny Robin, a young girl who used to be a maid on Bathshebas farm, but ran away with Frank Troy, a soldier who she intended to marry. The letter was supposed to be given to Gabriel. In it she thanks him for his kindness on the night she left Weatherbury. She also says I am going to be married to the man who has courted me for some time Sergeant Troy and I should be much obliged if you would keep the contents of this letter a secret for the present. I think that she asked for it to be kept as a secret because she knows that Boldwood thinks so little of Troy. This is shown when Gabriel asks him what sort of man Troy is because Boldwood says Im afraid not one to build much hope upon in a case such as this. Gabriel shows Boldwood the letter because he knows that Boldwood cares for Fanny he looked after her when she was little. Fanny obviously feels certain that Troy will marry her whereas Boldwood does not trust her in the slightest and is expecting Troy to let her down. He is disappointed and says Silly girl silly girl. This is because in the letter she seems so happy, and he hates the idea of her getting hurt. Boldwood tries to help Fanny as much as he can. He speaks to Troy because he has an idea which will stop Fanny getting hurt. He says to Troy Marry Fanny. Ill make it worth your while, Ill settle a sum of money upon her, and Ill see that you dont suffer from poverty in the future. He offers Troy five hundred and fifty pounds to marry Fanny. On Bathshebas farm, a crisis occurred, all of her sheep escaped into a clover field and became bloated. The only way that they can be saved is by being lanced in the stomach in a specific place. The only man with the expertise and the equipment to do this is Gabriel, but he had been fired. Bathsheba sends someone to get him, but when the messenger returns Gabriel is not with him. He says he shall not come onless you request en to come civilly and in a proper manner, as comes any ooman begging a favour. Bathsheba then says Shall I beg to someone who has begged to me? This shows that she is stubborn. But her sheep were getting worse by the minute so she wrote a note that said do not desert me, Gabriel and Gabriel arrived. He cured all of the sheep for her, so she swallowed her pride and offered him his job back,. He simply says I will and she smiles. The next letter is the third important letter in the story. It is written by Bathsheba, and sent to Boldwood. She wrote that her final decision was that she could not marry him. This was because she had just met Frank Troy and fallen in love with him. Writing the letter was extremely cowardly because if she was going to turn him down she should at least have the courage to tell him herself, face to face not just leave a message on paper. As if this wasnt bad enough, the next evening Boldwood returned so she deliberately tried to avoid him as to not have to discuss the contents of the note. She apparently didnt realise that she was going to have to face up to Boldwood eventually. She ended up bumping into Boldwood a lot sooner than she could have imagined because that night the two met on Yalbury Hill. We are told that Boldwoods manner was stunned and sluggish so we can safely assume that he has already read the note. Whilst talking to Boldwood, Bathsheba was unsettled because Boldwoods life appeared to be in a mess and she knew that it was all her fault. He says I should have lived in if you had not attracted me by that letter valentine you call it and she obviously regrets sending the valentine because she says I have bitterly repented of it and can you still go on reminding me? She apologises to him for sending the valentine and says she pitys him, but it is too late, she has already hurt him incredibly. He finds it extremely hard to accept that she does not love him, and even though she has told him that she does not love him and will not marry him many times, he still says Say, Bathsheba, that you only wrote that refusal to me in fun and It isnt because you have no feeling in that you dont love me trying to persuade her to change her mind. The final letter in this novel is Gabriels letter of resignation. Bathsheba is at the grave of Fanny and Troy and is very depressed, just as Gabriel comes to see her. He tells her I may soon have to give up the management of your farm, Mrs Troy. The fact is, I am thinking of leaving England. After hearing this Bathsheba crys Leaving England! in surprise and genuine disappointment. This is awful news for Bathsheba who says what shall I do without you? She began to think of Gabriel a lot, and she sincerely wished that he wasnt going to leave. A few weeks later Bathsheba received a formal letter which asks her not to renew his engagement with her She decided to pay Gabriel a visit. She was upset because she thought that the letter meant that he had decided to leave, when what the letter really meant was that he wanted to marry her. The story ends with Bathsheba and Gabriel getting married. Each of the four letters have a major effect on the lives of the characters involved. However a couple of the letters were not the best decisions for the characters to make. For example, the letter that Bathsheba sent Boldwood wasnt really necessary because she shouldnt really have gone so long without making a final decision, and Boldwood should have accepted that she didnt want to marry him. He should also have been told that it was a joke right from the start. In the end it was only to be expected that Bathsheba and Gabriel would get married because he showed an interest in her right from the start, and she must have liked him and respected him because she always turned to him for advice. Paul Liscio Far From The Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy Y10.

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt?

Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding Guilt? Abigail Louise Lines   From a Psychological Perspective, Are Juries the Most Appropriate Way of Deciding a Persons Guilt? The judicial system within the United Kingdom has a perverse history, with its origins in the church influencing modern systems and the human rights we have within the court today (Brooks, 2004). Before criminal trial juries were an established concept in the United Kingdom, there were three ways in which the degree of a persons innocence was established: a Wager of Law, Trial by Battle and The Ordeals (Brooks, 2004). These tests primarily consisted of physical challenges in which God was believed to be the primary authority to pass judgement and decide a persons guilt; these trials disregarded human rights, often involved physical anguish and frequently resulted in the death of the accused (Brooks, 2004). It was not until 1219 that individuals accused of a crime were allowed to appeal to a jury, however, individuals who refused to appeal through a jury were subjected to Prison Forte et Dure, where the accused were physically and emotionally tried until they consented to this appeal procedure (Berger, 2011). Due to the influence of the church and the belief that God was involved in the decision of guilt, it was rare that jury members in the appeal procedure would have to justify their decisions and have their verdicts questioned (Berger, 2011). During the early 1300s jurors verdicts began to be doubted and those who served on a jury could be challenged as unfit, incompetent or corrupt; this later led to reforms as to who would be allowed to serve on a jury and an emphasis on mandatory guidelines to follow (Smith Wales, 2000). Modern criminal trials consist of 12-16 individuals selected at random from the electoral register to represent their peers; they discuss the factors influencing the case at hand to ultimately determine the level of guilt of the involved and to deliver an appropriate verdict (Smith Wales, 1999). Juror capabilities have been questioned in recent years due to a rising number of [G1]criticisms of competency, variances between the judges and jurys verdict, and the role of inadmissible evidence which is believed to influence jurors decisions (Smith Wales, 1999; Hans, 2008). To understand and assess whether juries are appropriate for deciding an individuals guilt, the current essay will explore psychological evidence and criticisms of the jury. It will critically evaluate factors involved in juror decision making and competency, recognising the role of current systems in place and how these systems may influence the reliability of jurors. Furthermore, it will investigate alternatives to juries, systems used in countries outside of the UK and improvements to be made to the modern jury.[G2][G3][G4][G5][G6] Juror decision making models have been a point of interest for those critiquing the jury system; several empirical studies have created and reviewed models of juror decision making to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of having a jury (Pennington Hastie, 1981). Cognitive models of juror decision making are the more commonly accepted approaches, specifically that of the Story Model (Pennington Hastie, 1992). The Story Model assumes that jurors construct stories when deciding on a verdict; they will piece together known elements of the case, learn the appropriate verdicts for the individual and then make a decision based on the goodness of fit principle (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Although this structure recognises that individuals will use schemas to interpret the case at hand, it relies on this aspect heavily when individuals create the stories (Pennington Hastie, 1992). Due to the level of variance in individuals schemas, this may be a critique of using jurors in civil and cr iminal trials due to the differences in how they interpret events within the case; it makes it increasingly difficult to come to a unanimous decision, especially in complex cases wherein there are multiple aggravating and mitigating factors involved (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). The Story Model also takes into account the jurors previous knowledge of the legal system when applying their story to the verdict; this again uses real world knowledge court cases which may not derive from reliable sources, such as movies and television shows, which in turn may cause them to arrive at a disagreeable or incorrect verdict (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Few meta-analyses have reviewed models of juror decision making, however, all have arrived at similar conclusions for improvements (Saks Marti, 1997; Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). Variables such as knowledge of legal terms, clarification of verdict options, jury personality types, defendant criminal history and the strength of the evidence presented all affect jury decision outcomes[G7] in studies; without systematically controlling for these factors in studies, it is difficult to firmly accept the level at which jurors are a reliable means of assessing an individuals guilt (Devine, Clayton, Dunford, Seying Pryce, 2001). It is, however, possible to understand improvements to be made to the current jury system from the meta-analyses on decision making models; Saks and Marti (1997) explained that jurors express difficulty in understanding and applying instructions given by the judge. This thought to be due to the specific language used in legal settings, which indiv iduals without training may find difficult to understand; it has been suggested that instructions given by judges should be mediated for language which may confuse jurors and be re-written to allow for clarification (Saks Marti 1997; Hans, 2008). [G8][G9] Juror competency is currently monitored within the United Kingdom, through a comparison of verdicts, analysis of verdict patterns, a series of interviews or questionnaires and also through the use of mock jury studies (Hans, 2008). As previously mentioned, there are concerns that jurors may find it difficult within a court setting to understand the specific legal terminology used by judges, however, there is also evidence that jurors may express difficulty in understanding statistical and economic evidence; this is of particular concern during complex cases with industry specific language, wherein the jury may not be able to discuss the specific factors regarding the case as they are unable to fully comprehend it (ForsterLee, Horowitz, Bourgeois, 1993). There have been studies which disagree with this critique, as findings have shown that Judges and Jurors generally match in their verdicts in cases involving complex language (Eisenberg, Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott, Schwab Wells, 200 5). Further studies exploring individual versus group competence wield reassuring results for those in favour of the judicial system; one study exploring theorems of group confidence found that regardless of the overall individual competence, jury members in a larger group are less likely to make mistakes due to being able to deliberate on ideas (Grofman, Owen Feld, 1983). Along with larger group sizes increasing juror competence, several studies have found that note taking and engagement is the ideal way in which juror competence is enhanced; jurors that weigh in, take notes and assume an active role in deliberating the final verdict have been shown to have a higher level of engagement with the case, which leads to a higher level of competence (Heuer Penrod, 1994; Forsterlee Horowitz, 1997). Until 1967, the British court required juries to reach a unanimous verdict; modern UK courts judges will now accept a majority vote, however, in some states in the USA the unanimity rule is still applied (Sunstein, 2014). It is believed that forcing juries to reach unanimous verdicts decreases the chance that an innocent individual is convicted, and the guilty being acquitted, yet research argues that these errors may actually increase if individuals are forced to reach unanimity (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). This is believed to be due to jurors attempting to apply strategic behaviour to their decision making while disregarding their intuition (Feddersen Pesendorfer, 1998). [G10] Further criticisms of the unanimity rule consider that forcing unanimous verdicts increases the time and costs of court trials, and also increases the chance of a retrial taking place (Neilson Winter, 2005; McCormick, 2012). While this supports the use of juries for deciding a persons guilt, there is conflicting research which suggests that allowing for a majority verdict may cause uncertainty in the final outcome; several studies have found that those forced to make unanimous decisions found greater satisfaction and confidence in their decisions, as they felt as though they had discussed evidence more thoroughly and delayed their voting (Diamond, Rose Murphy, 2012; Sunstein, 2014). Furthermore, OConnor (2003) argued that not having unanimity decreases confidence and reliability within the group if one juror disagrees; it is therefore contended that forcing a unanimous decision increases the principle that there is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the individual is guilty. [G11] The role of inadmissible evidence is also a concern within court cases within the United Kingdom due to the increased exposure of online materials which may sway jurors verdicts; inadmissible evidence not only includes pre-trial exposure, but also statements and information revealed in court (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Certain safeguards are currently in place to ensure that inadmissible evidence does not affect jurors or their verdicts, such as continuance, a reliance on voir dire to remove biased jurors, deliberations, and admonitions (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). It is believed, however, that these precautions have little effect on juror prejudice and in some cases may backfire ([G12]Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000; Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). This reluctance to ignore inadmissible evidence may be explained by several psychological theories such as Belief Perseverance, Hindsight Bias and Reactance Theory (Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Reactance Theory is the more commonly accepted theory behind this effect as it explains why there is a reluctance with certain forms of evidence; it occurs when individuals feel that their freedom is limited and therefore attempt to re-establish this autonomy and gain control (Torrance Brehm, 1968; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Empirical research has been found to highlight the negative consequences of inadmissible evidence on jurors; jurors have been found to issue more guilty verdicts when strong inadmissible evidence is given, and the strength of this evidence also has the ability to influence the overall confidence in their verdict (Sue, Smith, Caldwell, 1973). Furthermore, one study conducted by Thompson, Fong and Rosenhan (1981) found that when given pro-acquittal inadmissible evidence, jurors are less likely to convict the defendant; this study also revealed that jurors were able to recognise that their decisions have been influenced by inadmissible evidence. This may be detrimental to the belief that juries are the most appropriate method of deciding an individuals guilt as it demonstrates the reluctance to follow instructions from members of authority; it further establishes that although jurors recognise that they are being influenced by inadmissible evidence, they will do little in terms of reco nsidering their final verdicts. In light of this research, several psychologists have recommended ways to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence. One meta-analysis covering 48 studies and 8,474 participants has found that while judicial instructions do not lessen the influence of inadmissible evidence, if a rationale is given for disregarding the evidence, such as it having a negative effect on family members of those implicated, the overall influence of it is reduced (Steblay, Hosch, Culhane McWethy, 2006). Further recommendations include jurors repeatedly sworn in before deliberation begins; this allows for an emphasis on the importance of disregarding inadmissible evidence and motivation to follow the law (Lieberman Sales, 1997; Lieberman Arndt, 2000). Research regarding juror decision making has been applied to many stages in legal processes, with courts obtaining information frequently from social scientists to assist in legal battles; psychologists are commonly requested in court as expert witnesses, in cases such as eyewitness testimonies, to educate the jurors and ensure they competent when deliberating on the trial (Kassin, Ellsworth Smith, 1989; Pennington Hastie, 1990). Although the role of [G13]an expert witness calls for those of sound scientific and technical understanding to assist the jury, there are critics who argue that those who testify as an expert may hold biases; claims that researchers appearing in particularly violent or morally ambiguous cases, such as those involving rape or child molestation, may still hold personal values when issuing a statement, therefore when these personal values appear they may sway the jury in a certain direction (Loftus Monahan, 1980). In this case it is not the jurys responsibil ity to counteract this measure, however, the defence, [G14]prosecution, [G15]and judge must ensure that counterclaims are issued should bias remarks enter the court (Loftus Monahan, 1980). Nevertheless, this remains a criticism of the practicality of using juries when deciding an individuals guilt. [G16][G17] With these criticisms of the modern jury in mind, some researchers have explored alternatives to juries which include specially qualified jurors and the concept of a non-jury tribunal (Norris, 1993). There are currently few specifications when an individual is called to jury service, with exceptions including a history of mental health conditions, reduced English speaking or writing aptitude or those who have served a prison sentence in the last five years; due to the limited criteria, researchers have expressed concern that those presiding over important decisions may not possess the acumen to understand the ramifications of sentencing, therefore, minimal educational qualifications should be imposed (Norris, 1993). Norris (1993) has explained that it would be desirable that those serving on a jury hold specialist qualifications especially in complex cases, for example, a bachelors degree. [G18]Norris (1993) continues by explaining that if minimal educational qualifications are not e nough to ensure the competence of jurors, then expert non-jury tribunals may be of use in complex, industry-specific cases.   [G19][G20][G21][G22] Although juror incompetence is a concern, both of these suggestions appeal for educated jurors to be called more frequently into jury service, especially for more convoluted cases; criticisms of these improvements include the criterion in which we define a complex case, that jurors may no longer be considered peers but superiors, and that some industries are already limited in their personnel, therefore, frequently calling them to jury service may negatively affect their area of work (Hersch, 2003). Henkel (1976) explains that alternatives and improvements should be made, however, until these concerns are resolved smaller changes should be made to ensure the competence of jurors. There are several alternatives to juries which are currently used within other countries, such as the use of religious law which utilises divine doctrines to pass judgement, or a mixed system of civil and religious law which recognises cultural and lawful judgements, and full tribunals without the use of juries (Frase, 1990). Due to the mix of cultures in the United Kingdom, the reintroduction of religious law would not be advisable to improve the current judicial system. France officially abolished trial by jury in 1941 and now uses six lay judges, and three professional judges to preside over cases; in this system there are separate tribunals for how serious the offence is and the type of offence involved (Frase, 1990). While we may look to this structure to improve our own judicial system, one concern would be that they would not represent those from the community on trial, as they are more likely to come from a primarily middle class and legal background (Frase, 1990). To conclude, the criticisms offered in the current essay explain that the current judicial system is not without flaw. The structure currently used within the United Kingdom could make several improvements to increase the degree to which jurors make an appropriate decision, such as specialists which assist jurors in understanding the language used within the court system, the encouragement of note taking and taking an active role in deliberation, further precautions taken to lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence, and safeguards in place to ensure that prejudices from expert witnesses do not influence jurors in their verdicts. It is advised that policy makers take these issues into account when discussing the current regulations in place. Before we are able to implement improvements and look to other systems for advice, we must appreciate that the current judicial structure has been in the United Kingdom, and influenced other countries systems such as the United States, for a num ber of years. Although the current essay establishes that juries may not be the more appropriate method for deciding a persons guilt, until realistic alternatives are established and tested, juries will remain to be the only viable option within the United Kingdom.[G23] References Berger, B. (2011). Judges, Juries, and the History of Criminal Appeals. Law And History Review, 29(01), 297-302. doi: 10.1017/s073824801000129x. Devine, D., Clayton, L., Dunford, B., Seying, R., Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 7(3), 622-727. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.7.3.622. Diamond, S., Murphy, B., Rose, M. (2012). The Kettleful of Law in Real Jury Deliberations: Successes and Failures. SSRN Electronic Journal, 106(4), 1537. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1641552. Eisenberg, T., Hannaford-Agor, P., Hans, V., Waters, N., Munsterman, G., Schwab, S., Wells, M. (2005). Judge-Jury Agreement in Criminal Cases: A Partial Replication of Kalven and Zeisels The American Jury. Journal Of Empirical Legal Studies, 2(1), 171-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-1461.2005.00035.x. Feddersen, T. Pesendorfer, W. (1998). Convicting the Innocent: The Inferiority of Unanimous Jury Verdicts under Strategic Voting. American Political Science Review, 92(01), 23-35. doi: 10.2307/2585926. Forsterlee, L. Horowitz, I. (1997). Enhancing Juror Competence in a Complex Trial. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(4), 305-319. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199708)11:43.0.co;2-j. ForsterLee, L., Horowitz, I., Bourgeois, M. (1993). Juror Competence In Civil Trials: Effects Of Pre-instruction And Evidence Technicality. 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Law And Human Behavior, 18(2), 121-150. doi: 10.1007/bf01499012. Kassin, S., Ellsworth, P., Smith, V. (1989). The General Acceptance Of Psychological Research On Eyewitness Testimony: A Survey Of The Experts. American Psychologist, 44(8), 1089-1098. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.44.8.1089. Lieberman, J. Arndt, J. (2000). Understanding The Limits Of Limiting Instructions: Social Psychological Explanations For The Failures Of Instructions To Disregard Pretrial Publicity And Other Inadmissible Evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 6(3), 677-711. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.6.3.677. Lieberman, J. Sales, B. (1997). What Social Science Teaches Us About The Jury Instruction Process? Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 3(4), 589-644. doi: 10.1037//1076-8971.3.4.589. Loftus, E. Monahan, J. (1980). Trial By Data: Psychological Research As Legal Evidence. American Psychologist, 35(3), 270-283. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.35.3.270. McCormick, R. (2012). The Unanimous State. The Journal Of The Rutgers University Libraries, 23(1). doi: 10.14713/jrul.v23i1.1384. Neilson, W. Winter, H. (2005). The Elimination of Hung Juries: Retrials and Nonunanimous Verdicts. International Review Of Law And Economics, 25(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.irle.2005.05.004. Norris, W. (1993). Relevant Conduct: Sentencing Hearings as a Substitute for Jury Trials. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 5(4), 193-194. doi: 10.2307/20639552. OConnor, S. (2003). William Howard Taft and the Importance of Unanimity. Journal Of Supreme Court History, 28(2), 157-164. doi: 10.1111/1540-5818.00061. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1981). Juror Decision-Making Models: The Generalization Gap. Psychological Bulletin, 89(2), 246-287. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.89.2.246. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1990). Practical Implications of Psychological Research on Juror and Jury Decision Making. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(1), 90-105. doi: 10.1177/0146167290161007. Pennington, N. Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the Story Model for juror decision making. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 62(2), 189-206. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.189. Saks, M. Marti, M. (1997). A Meta-Analysis Of The Effects Of Jury Size. Law And Human Behavior, 21(5), 451-467. doi: 10.1023/a:1024819605652. Salerno, J. Diamond, S. (2010). The Promise Of A Cognitive Perspective On Jury Deliberation. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 17(2), 174-179. doi: 10.3758/pbr.17.2.174. Smith, G. Wales, C. (1999). The Theory and Practice of Citizens Juries. Policy Politics, 27(3), 295-308. doi: 10.1332/030557399782453118. Smith, G. Wales, C. (2000). Citizens Juries and Deliberative Democracy. Political Studies, 48(1), 51-65. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00250. Steblay, N., Hosch, H., Culhane, S., McWethy, A. (2006). The Impact on Juror Verdicts of Judicial Instruction to Disregard Inadmissible Evidence: A Meta-Analysis. Law And Human Behavior, 30(4), 469-492. doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9039-7. Sue, S., Smith, R., Caldwell, C. (1973). Effects of Inadmissible Evidence on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors: A Moral Dilemma. Journal Of Applied Social Psychology, 3(4), 345-353. doi: /10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02401.x. Sunstein, C. (2014). Unanimity and Disagreement on the Supreme Court. SSRN Electronic Journal, 100, 769. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2466057. Thompson, W., Fong, G., Rosenhan, D. (1981). Inadmissible Evidence And Juror Verdicts. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 40(3), 453-463. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.40.3.453. Torrance, E. Brehm, J. (1968). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. The American Journal Of Psychology, 81(1), 133. doi: 10.2307/1420824. 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Great Gatsby Research Paper

Great Gatsby Research Paper The Great Gatsby is a prime example of traditional American Literature. Explaining the life in one of the most roaring cities of the 1920s, New York, the novel is a great interpretation of American life in that time. Taking place during the story, there is an economic boom, coupled with the new American lifestyles being formed. Scott Fitzgerald, the author, shares many traits that can be found in both Gatsby and Carraway. Jay Gatsby is a very important and impressive character in the plot of the story, serving his role as the protagonist. Nick Carraway plays the role of the neutral party as he was influenced by his father to just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had. Daisy Buchanan, the wife of Tom and long lost lover of Gatsby, is the main source of foil in the novel. If The Great Gatsby is really a great American novel, then perhaps we will find evidence of the personalities and ideals that suit the era. In the 1920s things were evolving and there were many radical views. There was a sense of optimism and aspiration. People believed that they could be whoever they wanted to be, no matter how difficult it may be. For instance, Gatsby, he got to where he wanted by means of bootlegging. This is a prime example of the attitude the population had in the time. During the 1920s an economic boom was in progress. All over the country, people were having their American Dreams come true with little effort. The name Wolfshiem is a familiar name of the time, as he was involved in fixing the World Series of 1919. This sets the ideals that money can buy anything one desires. All of this fun and happiness soon comes to an end for the American People, with the stock market crash in 1929. Everyone lost the feelings of hedonism and materialism, and shifted into survival mode. F. Scott Fitzgerald is a character all to himself. He experienced the 1920s first hand, born September 24, 1896 as an only child. Like the character Gatsby in the novel, he went to school, dropped out, and went into the army. For grade school he attended St Paul Academy and Newman School. When it came time for college, he resided in Princeton, a very prestigious school of the time. Fitzgerald lived a life similar to that of his characters. He and his wife, Zelda, had the fun, rich parties with the illegal and expensive liquors coupled with lavishing entertainment. The party was over when Zelda was hospitalized for schizophrenia in Switzerland. From this moment on, Fitzgerald spiraled downward into personal depression. At the same time, the Great Depression of 1929 happened to be taking effect. With the aid of his long addiction of alcohol, he suddenly died of a heart attack on December 21, 1940. Jay Gatsby, also known as James Gatz, is the central title character of the novel. He is a young man from a rural city in North Dakota. Raised in poverty, he aspired to advance and become wealthy. Eventually, this goal of wealth was reached, but was ill-attained through illegal means such as bootlegging and trading in stolen securities. Everything Gatsby does is in one way, shape, or form, for daisy. After meeting her, he quickly fell into a deep love for her. This is when Daisy meets and marries Tom Buchanan. After this, Gatsby devotes his life to winning back Daisys love. Stopping at nothing, he buys his mansion on West Egg to be close to her, and throws parties every weekend, in an attempt to lure her back into his arms. Gatsby genuinely believed that he could relive the past. This was not so, and is realized with his murder. The narrator of the novel, Nick Carraway, is a temperamental man that plays a very major role in the novel while. He was born in a little Minnesota town in 1892, into a well maintained family. Education was very important in his family; he attended middle school and high school in the mid-west. After grade school, his parents sent him to Yale University. Just as all the other young men of the time, he was pulled into the war in 1917. Coming back from the war, he moved to New Yorks West Egg and rented a small house that was neighboring Gatsby. Nick is the cousin of Daisy, which enables him to be of assistance to Gatsby and play the middle man in the situation. His view of everyone is unbiased as he does not pass judgment. He is a very nice person, and just wants to help his friends to see the world they are living in. Known as the careless lover Daisy plays the center of corruption in the novel. She is from Louisville, Kentucky, and a second cousin of Nick Carraway. All she wants is love, as she cannot live without it, which is the main factor that caused her to marry Tom while Gatsby was in the war and attending oxford. Furthermore, Daisy is a lackadaisical character, as most of the women in the time. Having no regard to true feelings, she is very materialistic, as Tom bought her love with a $300,000 necklace. She has a daughter, named Pam. Treated as an afterthought; one can really see how shallow and un-affectionate Daisy can be. As said in Sparknotes, daisy represents the amoral values of the aristocratic East Egg set. There are many different ways to view The Great Gatsby, and views vary from crowd to crowd. For instance, men may critique the book as a good read and a good story, but some women may not like the roles that the women play in the novel. The book is a harsh reality for both sides. Most critics concur that The Great Gatsby is Fitzgeralds Crown Jewel. I believe that the book is a good read and a good example of life in the 1920s. The most relevant theme is the ideal of the American Dream. Fitzgerald does a good job at keeping the western and eastern influences in the character traits. There is definitely an underlying theme at work in this novel that gets it so much attention. I believe the underlying theme is the idea that America has been tainted by material possessions and riches. In conclusion, The Great Gatsby is a great book and there are many reasons for it. If The Great Gatsby is the Great American novel it is said to be, then the evidence is evident. Such as the character Daisy Buchanan, she is the walking representation of a careless lover and with her lackadaisical mood. A good example of her materialism is when she says, It makes me sad because Ive never seen such such beautiful shirts before. Nick Carraway, is the good man of the novel, he is trying to help people see the reality of things with his temperamental attitude. Jay Gatsby is a very mysterious man, who we dont learn much about till the end of the novel. He, being the titled character, is a man who will stop at nothing to get his desires. Scott Fitzgerald is much like the characters of Nick and Gatsby. Each character represents a side of Fitzgerald, one good and one partially corrupted. Taking place in the 1920s the novel does a good job of showing us what things were like in the Jazz Age. The movie is nothing like the book, as there are a lot more underlying plots and themes that are not expressed in movie. Therefore, I believe that The Great Gatsby is the greatest American Novell yet to be released.

Solar Powered Housing Essays -- Energy Pollution Essays

Solar Powered Housing With the increasing energy consumption rates and increasing pollution rates as a result, it is important for our society to focus on cleaner, more renewable energy sources. Because households are a major consumer of energy throughout the world, families could contribute greatly to the use of renewable energy sources through the use of solar home systems. If more and more people agree to the use of solar home systems, our fossil fuel consumption rates will drop and we will notice profound improvements throughout our environment. This essay will discuss various topics that are necessary in order to understand the function of a solar home system. First, for a solar home system to function effectively, one must first reduce the amount of energy consumed within the house. This can either be achieved through efficient house design or through efficient energy consumption. Efficient design features include proper sealing of windows, doors, and cracks, proper insulation, proper window design for passive heating, proper air infiltration, and the use of proper materials for heat absorption. By designing your house efficiently, you greatly reduce the amount of energy consumed and therefore reduce the cost and size of your solar home system. Efficient energy consumption is also extremely important when using a solar home system. Energy consumption can be greatly reduced by such acts as buying efficient appliances, keeping doors and windows closed to reduce heat loss, turning off lights and appliances when they are not needed, and turning down A/C levels. These acts also contribute greatly to a reduction in the size and cost of your solar home system. The basic idea behind solar home systems is th... ...reducing the use of fossil fuels while still meeting their energy needs, should definitely consider the use of an SHS in their home. Works Cited About Photovoltaics. 25 October 2002. U.S. Department of Energy. . Advanced Energy Group. 1999-2002.

Structure and Policy of the European Union Essay example -- European U

Structure and Policy of the European Union The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), is the most complex example of common policy in the European Union. Introduced from 1958 to 1968 and still in existence today, it has brought controversy, dispute and political tension within the EU and with the rest of the world. It is also a remarkable example of the movement toward the unknown realm of integration in Europe. However, subsequent reforms have been slow in arrival and have not always achieved the success expected of them. With the new difficulty of enlargement, challenges will require yet more reform of the CAP. The changing situations and context of the policy will be considered in terms of its effectiveness, as will the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. It will be seen that there is still much in need of discussion for this enormous common policy. There were many motivations for the original formation of the CAP. Europe in 1958 was quite different to the Europe we know today. With the end of WW2 still in recent memory, there were still many effects being felt. In terms of agriculture, this was seen in the protection of farmers and nation specific rules and regulations as to production, imports and exports etc. There also remained some political mistrust between the central European countries, namely France and Germany . It was a combination of these factors that led to the incarnation of the CAP . In 1958, a large proportion of the population of Europe was employed in agriculture, and the industry accounted for a significant percentage of GDP, indeed as high as 27% of the population of France and 5% of total GDP amongst the original members (Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, France, Germany and Italy) . The agricul... ...of the CAP and shown that in many ways it was flawed from the beginning and is only now starting to become effective. It is important that the momentum of the reforms is carried into this next chapter of the Union and is allowed to be introduced to the new members with freedom and fairness. Obviously some small adjustments will have to be made, just as they were for previous accessions , but the new nations must essentially be treated as equals. The prospects for the CAP will also improve as the sector becomes more efficient and smaller, with more land being reclaimed from farming and the increases in efficiency. The CAP was unprecedented in 1958, and will not lose its position of importance so long as the members and new candidates are willing to embrace the integration for which the CAP has always stood and move forward, without prejudice, into the 21st Century.

PETA Campaigns Look to Turn Carnivores Green Essay -- Animal Rights

Vegetarianism, PETA touts it as a cure-all for obesity in their ad campaigns calling for folks to ditch meat and eat plant-based meals. This series has been going on for well over a decade but really seems be picking up speed these past few years when they began pairing US celebrities with vegetables be it in fancy dress made of different vegetables or bare naked amongst bushels of their favorite edible plant. Along with the fit bodied celebrity and their vegetables, there is a message included, an offer of free vegetarian recipes if you visit their website. The message is clear PETA wants us to stop eating animal meat and they are willing to use fit body celebs and free recipes to do it. I think these ads are effective strategies for swaying consumer who is always looking for the next big thing to be a part of that involves a celebrity spokes model. The latest print ad to come from PETA is the provocative Angela Simmons print ad, in which she can only be described as being Eve of Eden in all her nude glory. The ad stating that eating Meat is a Sin, this may be more tuned toward religious carnivores but the visual is definitely aimed toward those who enjoy a teasing naked woman, because the ad is nothing less than sexy. Her dark hair spilling forth loose and wavy over her shoulders hiding bare breasts, her right hit turned out a chain of ivy laid along it; most prominent is her smooth, young face almost a reflection of the beautiful red apple she holds just beneath her chin in her right palm, while the heel of her left hand rests gently against her cheek. Her arm is raised and slightly twists, winding its way up through her hair, reminding me of a serpent, I believe this to be an intentional subliminal bit withi... ...ebsites to bash companies who mistreat their livestock. These methods are directed toward the consumers who, without this type of advertising would ever realize there was a problem or even what PETA was. So in the end PETA’s envelope is pushed by the consumer because the consumer thinks and is influenced by advertising; and the more attention getting the advertising is, the more likely the consumer is to pay attention and be swayed to your side of the table if it is an ad campaign they (the consumer) can relate to and quite frankly nearly every consumer can relate to sexy. Works Cited n.d. PETA.org. Vegetarian 101. n.d. . —. Veggie Love. N/A November 2011. . n.d. PETA.org. Veggie Love. N/A November 2011. .

Blade Runner and Frankenstein: A Comparison

Texts, in order to effectively convey a message, commonly reflect on social views, attitudes and contextual values. A comparison between Ridley Scotts sci-fi thriller â€Å"Blade Runner: the Directors Cut† and the Mary Shelley’s classic gothic novel â€Å"Frankenstein† will reveal that there are elements of human nature which will remain constant over time. These two texts reflect of the possibility of scientific and technological development and caution about possible physical and moral consequences of this development.The seductive nature of knowledge is explored in both texts as the fine line that separates man and monster is revealed as our capacity for true human emotion is questioned. As a critique of scientific and enlightened rationalism, Shelley’s gothic text â€Å"Frankenstein† explores the duality of the human condition as man is capable of both good and evil. Walton’s letters portray man’s capacity for arrogance and moral b lindness and foreshadow the subsequent folly committed by Dr Frankenstein. The sun is for ever visible, its broad disk just skirting the horizon, and diffusing a perpetual splendor† Walton’s romantic ideals are juxtaposed with his own arrogance as he refers to Shakespeare’s play Macbeth â€Å"but success shall crown my endeavors. Wherefore not? † Shelley’s intertextual allusion to Macbeth portrays the arrogance Walton holds about his voyages success. Just as Macbeth was ambition, so to does Walton lose his moral direction on his question for discovery. This aptitude is characteristic of romantic writers in the 1700’s who similarly used to romantic writing styles to contrast mans moral blindness.Similarly, Ridley Scott also explores the moral blindness of humans as the pragmatism of the 80’s is reflected though the loss of god in the dystopian 2019 Los Angles. Through corporate prosperity, Scott suggests that god has been replaced by th e creator, Tyrell. â€Å"Nothing the god of bio-mechanics wouldn’t let you in heaven for† the direct allusion of Tyrell to â€Å"the god of bio-mechanics† reflects that Tyrell, as the owner of the supreme corporation on earth has been elevated to a god like status, reflecting the importance of corporate dominance in the 80’s.As Roy confronts Tyrell, the creator plays with an extravagant, human like chess set, symbolic of his god like status over humans. Tyrell’s eyes are hidden behind the glare of his glasses as he peers over the figures, his tone as he confronts Roy is arrogant as he states â€Å"the light that burns twice as bright, burns half as long, and you have burned so bright† the objectification of Roy dehumanizes and belittles the replicant and portrays Tyrell’s control and dominance over humanity. Humanity has been embedded with the capacity to celebrate the divinity of nature and this appreciation of the natural world is a key element of the human spirit.Shelley’s text â€Å"Frankenstein† reflects the Romantic’s pantheistic view of god and nature as the two are inextricably linked. The Romantic belief that god is revealed through the natural world is shown as Frankenstein takes solace in the sublime beauty of nature. â€Å"The vary winds whispered in soothing accents, and maternal nature bade me weep no more† the personification of the wind and comparison of natural to a mother reflects the romantic influences over Shelley as nature is portrayed as divine and splendid. Similarly, other characters in the novel also marvel at the magnificence of nature.Walton, in his letters, reflects on the beauty of the Artic on his voyage â€Å"Sailing over a calm sea, we may be wafted to a land surpassing in wonders and in beauty every region hitherto discovered on the habitable globe† Walton fascination with the discovery and exploration of the Artic also reproduces Shelleyâ€⠄¢s romantic ideals, reflecting the romantic writers common pre-occupation with the unspoiled domain of the artic. The dangers of circumventing the natural order are also explored in Ridley Scotts â€Å"Blade Runner: The Directors Cut†. The text reflects how nature has been compromised for industrial profit of transnational corporations.The soaring oblique camera angle and the hellish image of fire, works with the dramatic, eerie music at the beginning of the film to suggest the capitalistic world has destroyed the natural world for the creation of profit. The film noir technique used throughout the film adds a sense of lifelessness to the Los Angles environment and offers contrast to Frankenstein, where nature is respected and revered. Scott uses his text to didactically warn the audience about the degradation of the natural environment as the capitalist world of Los Angles and the on world colony has become degraded urban sprawl devoid of natural life.In Blade Runner, the n atural world is represented by the breakdown of the physical environment. In Frankenstein, the natural world is broken down morally as the creator defies the natural order. Ultimately both texts caution against the perception that all progress is beneficial. Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner each challenge human supremacy as the created is portrayed as moral, emotionally and physically superior to their creator. The Replicants in Scotts Blade Runner challenge this Darwinian view of human supremacy as, in contrast to the humans of LA 2019; they are emotive, compassionate and moral. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain† the raw emotion shown by Roy as his image is silhouetted against filtered blue light life reflects the elements of humanity that have been lost in the dystopic world as the replicants are the only beings capable of true emotive, human behavior. Similarly, Shelley’s Frankenstein portrays the reversal of the D arwinian Theory with Frankenstein creating a being superior physically and emotionally to man.Shelley uses the Romantic belief of the loss of innocence, shown in the inter-textual allusion to Milton’s â€Å"Paradise lost† as the monster is portrayed as benevolent and being capable of both compassion and love, similar to man before his expulsion from the Garden of Eden. â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed† the biblical allusion to Adam and the Devil portray the monsters human elements as he is shown as compassionate, intelligent and munificent â€Å"I was benevolent and good, misery made me a fiend† contrasting Frankenstein who seems incapable of showing human emotion.Shelley uses the rivalry between Victor and his Creature to reflect the hostility between the devil and god in Milton’s epic poem â€Å"Paradise lost†, Shelley was influenced by her husbands writing on the poe m and used his general interpretation to present the antagonism between Frankenstein and his monster.Despite the different contexts of both Shelly’s Frankenstein and Scott’s Blade Runner, each texts reflects similar themes and a further knowledge and greater understanding of context enables the reader to hold a deeper appreciation of the texts. Both texts challenge our assumption that knowledge is beneficial and expose the physical and moral consequences of circumventing the natural order. However the two texts question our more primal practices as each they question to what extent our human nature has remained the same.

Mid Term Paper

All these exposecomes ar from sutura as Kaka Silverman menti nonp atomic number 18ild in her chapter Suture is the divulge flush off to the procedures by means of which cinematic text confer subjectivity upon their visible horizoners(Silverman) . There atomic number 18 common chord historic tools that Kaka Silverman writing tell we lead quest enable Suture to pas epochction be gingersnap relationships, memoir progression and internal variation, picked to focus on the sexual difference from those three tools . 1 am release to habituate two precedents to explain much(prenominal) and how I fool the suture works.They argon the fact four from The cocksucker parvenue wave Dyke learn Bank lieu as 6565696 and The H whizzymooner season one episode one-TV or non TV the references manoeuvre in this essay. These two shows are from the oral cavity and the asses. We raft easy bring forth start social differences between the two era period, even thou they a re lone(prenominal) slightlywhat 10 years asunder from each other. First, the reputation line for The newlywed is talks about the daily family invigoration of a pair of couple Ralph and Lisa. In this episode , Lisa pauperization to acquire a rate of goggle box.Ralph fin tout ensembley constitute one, unless its sharing with his friend similarly neighbor,De. even out thou Ralph is the one who do non want to get it at first, he starts being the one who everlastingly honoring the television set. Then De and Ralph start scrap against each other for the time exploitation the television after he they bought the set of the television back. Then, the story that the episode of The calamus Van Dyke show is about Rob the conserve accident whollyy lay down his married woman Laura moderate a underc all over bankbook that suffer 378 dollars.In the 1 brim , 378 is a huge amount of coin-That is the rationalness why Rob talks to his workfellow and discuss about the situ ation he is passing through, and Rob thought Laura going to use those currency to get a new projector as his birthday dumbfound . Turns out ,Laura tho got Rob a sport shirt-Rob become really foil and want to know why Laura keep such a enlarged brain-teaser from him. Rob asked and found out Laura wants to eat him a egger surprise, she is saving to get Rob his dream railcar. Base on these two shows , I defined that Silverman argumentation works.In attitude the shows , the womanish psyche timbres act as a object that dis come out of the closet negative de boundine on to all the events happened to them. We give the axe inflict that both Lisa and Laura , the fe virile quotations in side the shows are the person or the principal(prenominal) reason cause the absolute story happen or linked all the events unitedly. Laura keep her own private bullion for getting Rob his dream car and Lisa wanted to get a new television set at home, however they are not the one that do- nothing make the decision. But keep consider a huge difference in two of the egg-producing(prenominal) characters personality.Lisa is the traditional married woman that listen to his husband and Laura still depends on his husband plainly she can affect her own decisions.. Womens position in the family corroborate been a conduct as the ships company in any case transmit when the time goes by. For example in the Honeymooner, Lisa was fixing the sink and do everything in the hall and Rob is the one that can go bowling , buzz off fun with friends. In the other hand , Laura in The Dick Van Dyke Show is able to go out of the house and do shopping and Rob was the one who fixing the toaster and projector .We can comfortably notice that in that respect is a change in a womanly characters role. fit to Silverman in her chapter on Suture, the female character signifies the absence of the position ,privilege and they are not in control of their heart. The women characters nor mally provide the mean for representing the deprivation, they also represents expurgation and drags the sense of the viewer. (Silverman) We can easily pass off Out what Silverman mentioned in her chapter. The two female characters are housewife that have no income on their own , they need their husband to pay with close of the stuff they want to procure.For example, Laura need Rob to give her money to buy grocery, and Lisa can not buy herself a television set without Rallys permission. This can also prove what we have said as the time move on , the role and billet of the female character have been change. Not only resembling we mentioned , here we can see that the phallus that Laura have is a lot to a greater extent than Lisa , we can notice that from how Rob and Ralph look at their wife. Ralph in the show is still the stump of the house ,he is in charge of all the money, but Rob is letting her wife to decide how she use the money.Suture operate often times much in mascu line, it create an metamorphose of lenses hat the male viewers and the male audiences. In the videos that we talk about here, audiences lead easily sharing the same aspect and point of views with the male characters. As we see that we are going through the stories as the male characters are the narrator of the stories. particularly in the episode of The Honeymooner. Lisa was the one who wants to buy a television set at home in the very opening but after they got the television ,we tho sees her apply the television.Ralph and De were the hatful that fighting to use the sets through out the entire episode. It shows us a point that Silverman minted out , the female is used as an object that attract viewers senses inside the show. Silverman define suture is a process of sinking in and being pull into the screen. Through our eye to negotiate to the world, be relax and wanting disappear to yourself. She mentioned about three distinguished tools to enable suture to function. In t he shows if there is anyone of the tool is missing , the suture will not function wellspring because they are all neck to neck assert on each other .Suture is not only about sharing what the character sees , is also sharing the characters feeling, emotions and what they hear by transferring he television screen into your space. If the shot and reverse shot is missing , viewers will never see things from the characters eyeball . They can only get the view from the third person, then the viewer can never be stand in a particular point of view that the character define what they see. The same forget will come out if the account is missing. Let represent a big portion of the indispensable part of the corpse of suture Silverman said. A production without narrative progression is kindred a person who whirl around normally but without their brain function. Narration connected the entire tortellini as they have the energy to adopt the character more real, because it can do the vi ewer understand what the character wants and support them go through all the scenes. We can understand why the great unwashed forever and a day get lost and confused in some shows that the narration is not icy on one character.The audiences that both of the shows are geared to state of ward are the house wife in the middle class family. As we know that in the 1 sassing to the 1 9605, televisions started to become one Of a new breaking technology that scatter among the people. Numbers of middle class family that have a television set change magnitude in those years. Shows like The Honeymooner and The Dick Van Dyke Show are targeted to those middle class housewife that have nothing to do like the Lisa and Laura, the characters in those shows.The shows want them to be relax and absent of being themselves from their busy housework. In my scene , I think both of the shows successfully utilize Suture. There are some shots in The Honeymooner make me commemorate what I normally did w hen I was honoring television. For example, how Ralph and De fight for picking a television show to watch. Also, how we set all the feed and drinks in a reachable distances, so that they do not have to walk around during itching the program.Mid term paperThis opened up a whole new hazard for the Europeans as the demands and the trade grew, Ships were departing from towns in Italy and Asia. Christopher capital of Ohio detect North American in 1492. Columbus sailed eastward from Europe trying to find a route to the east. He failed to Sal east because of the landmass that was In his way. Columbus swear he sailed to India because of the landmass and called the land the atomic number 74 Indies and the people he found there as Indians. This led to the exploration and foreign intricacy to North America from Europe. The expansion grew as the growth of expanding trade grew out of Europe.The discovery of the New World took a rise as the transfer of plants, animals victuals demanded the human population to expand. All these things that took place from 1000-1492 changed Europe forever. The demands in trade gave Europeans the opportunity for new forms of employment and ability to get going out of Europe for work. What were the major problems set about American leaders during the asses? What were the main weaknesses of the Articles of coalition? How did those weaknesses prevent the new government from strikeings with the new nations major problems?How did the Constitution of 1 787 alter the structure and operation of the interior(a) government to more effectively deal with those problems? This period was called the Critical Periods, it was a time right after the American revolution war that took place in 1783. George majuscule became the president of this time in 1789. after the war the economical problems just grew. The British navy destroyed most of the American ships and also taking over there flow of trade. The off the beaten track(predicate)mers suf fered tremendously due to the military machine steeling from their farms in come out to eat.Once the war was over in 781 the exports to Brittany was restricted, British created a practice of law that prohibited trade with the remaining scratching colonies that were in the Caribbean. The articles of confederation was a memorandum signed by all 13 original colonies that put together the join States of America. The confederation left most of the power to the state governments. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that the states could not be forced by the government to ensue Its laws. Also It did not have the power to enforce any type of laws.The relative lacked the strong leadership and here was no system of national courts. In order for a change to be made to the with no army to protect the nation. examine and contrast the northern, middle, and southern colonies by 1760. What experiences were consolidative the colonies? How were the British colonies differe nt from Spains colonies? All three colonies had major differences in there economic activity and their culture. The resentment of the British held them together as they were suffering hard times as Brittany kept on restraining trade, transport and manufacturing.The Northern Colonies was largely religious. Even though religion was practiced more in the grey Colonies, a lot of people from the north were still very religious. Instead, there main focus was never on gaining wealth. The South was in general agricultural and a big part of the workers were African American slaves. Tobacco was the main export of the Southern parsimoniousness. In the Northern Colonies farming was usually tho done to provide Just for the family. The economy of New England, Northern, and colonies was based on the rivers and forests for the most part and the southern colonies were more focused on farming.There are only a people of similarities and differences in the colonies. multitude beginning a new lif e for themselves was a similarity both regions had. These regions were founded for umpteen different reason including political independence, religion, mastery and economy. The British colonies were recruited from farmers, artisans and tradesmen. Immigrants from other countries were welcomed. In the Spanish colonies it contained more soldiers, conquistadores and mission Aries were the basal source of people. The farmers and traders come at a later date.The government for the English colonies allowed colonist to set up local governments and legate assemblies and to make sure to tax themselves as long as they did not take up arms against the crown. In the Spanish colonies they were governed by the crown appointed governors. The settlers had to obey the laws the king set since the settlers could make laws on their own. The religion for the English was mostly non-Catholics. The puritans in Massachusetts established an autocratic and sumptuary religious leadership. For the Spanish colonies the settlers were restricted to Catholics.The people that protested ere persecuted and driven out. The economy on the British colony was rice, tobacco, timber and fish. The economic activities were farming, craft and also fishing. In the Spaniard colonies it was a more largely trading economy. It was controlled by the Spaniards and the control board of trade. What major challenges did Americans face during the War for Independence, and how did they repress those challenges and defeat Great Britain? The British perpetually seemed unbeatable. During the previous 100 years, the British had enjoyed victory after victory from countries that were powerful like Spain and France.The odds never looked good for the Americans on this war. Brittany had the best military in the world, their soldiers were well fed, paid good money and also well disciplined. The British military was also very well equipped contradictory the American. Funds were so much easily overdressd by the emp ire then by the continental congress. A lot of those funds were used to hire capital of New Zealand Mercenaries to fight of the Americans. The Americans always had a embarrassing time being able to raise enough funds to purchase the radical supplies most Indians sided with Brittany who promised them protection over their land.The free fall for the Brittany was that they were fighting a war that was far from home. Their supplies that they needed sometimes took months to reach their destination. The British objective for this war to persuade the American to give up their claims for license. Americans were fighting for their rights, independence and liberty. The soldiers and the leaders were inexperienced but always seemed competent. This war was very expensive, this war gave Americans fortitude which gave Americans a favor. Describe and explain the roles compete by stalwarts, African Americans, women, andAmerican Indians during the Revolutionary War. How did the proceeds of t he war affect them? The principle is this was freedom which motivated the black slaves to join the nationalist or the British army. Proximally 5 portion of the American soldiers in the battle of pirogue Hill were black. They received the same pas as whites although they never held a high rank. The blacks in the war served in integrated units. An estimated 100, 00 African Americans died or were killed during the war. They thought the concept of using slaves in the army would mean that the economy would collapse without slavery.Women in the revolutionary war took many different roles. They were nurses, cooks and maids and sometimes even secret soldiers and spies. Many of the women nurses were camp followers, wives, daughters and even mothers of the soldiers. The most common role the women compete were cooks, maids, laundresses and water bearers for the army. This was the first time women took a role in the war since these duties were silent for male soldiers. Women were not allowe d to serve in the military but they still served as secret soldiers. They would disguise themselves by neat their hair and using masculine name to blend in.A lot of the motivation for join the army is unknown but most of these women were poor and needed to earn money for their families. They also worked as spies, most of the female spies worked as maids or cooks for the British and had a lot of insight about the movements, military plans and supply shortages and the deliveries. The loyalist supported the British. They were mostly older, educated and wealthier than most Americans. The life for the loyalist was difficult during the war. Loyalist who lived in the bowl that was being controlled by the patriots lost their businesses and moms.